Views of Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill Essay examples

None of the supposed rights of man go beyond the egoistic man, man as he is a member of civil society; that is, an individual separated from the community, withdrawn into himself, wholly preoccupied with his private interests and acting in accordance with his private caprice. Karl Marx, On the Jewish Question The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty While, after reading the above two quotations, it may appear that Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill take seemingly opposing views on the proper†¦show more content†¦The real truth, however, falls somewhere between these two poles. Mill on the Individual Mill wastes no time in articulating the central thesis of On Liberty; he states, Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign (69). Mill, then, does not make the individual more important than society, but he separates the individual from society and articulates a realm of existence in which society, or the community, should have no power over the individual. Mill states, The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number is self-protectionÂ…His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant (68). Society, therefore, has no right to intervene in the private life of any person, unless they act in such a way that prevents others from enjoying their own rights. Mill is extremely clear as to why the individual should be sovereign over his or her body and mindÂâ€"to counter the effects of a possible tyranny of the majority. Mill states, It (the majority) practices a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself (63).Show MoreRelatedKarl Marx And John Stuart Mill Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx and John Stuart Mill were both philosophers who lived in the 1800s. Beginning with Karl Marx, he was a German philosopher, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. In his adult years, Marx was not recognized as a citizen of any country even though he was born in Germany and he spent most of his years in London, England. There, he continued to evolve his philosophy and social thought in participation or collaboration with a German thinker cal led Friedrich Engels. They worked together andRead MoreGovernment And Societal Ideas From The 19th Century1232 Words   |  5 PagesCentury, three prominent thinkers John Stuart Mill, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Karl Marx had their own ideas of an ideal society. These individuals had their own unique view of the perfect society. However, they all have something in common with their visions: all of these excerpts discussed an oppressive entity. In all of the three ideal societies concocted by these men, tyrannical governments or oppressive societies are obstacles to their visions. In the excerpt from John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty, he discussesRead MoreMarx, Mill And Freud s Critique Of Political Economy And The Communist Manifesto Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagesmerely implicit) notions of freedom and unfreedom we find in the texts we have read by Marx, Mill and Freud. Use the esoteric traditions we have examined thus far (from the Book of Job to Plato) as a comparative yardstick, or point of reference, but without letting them take over the foreground in your paper -- the latter should be reserved for these three figures. Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and John Stuart Mill are three authors who tackle the topic of freedom in unique ways, but their messages areRead MoreTyranny And The Social Wellbeing Of Citizens1750 Words   |  7 Pages19th century, in the age after the French Revolution, the vast majority of political and philosophical thinkers concerned themselves at some point with the issue of tyranny in society. Such writers spanned from Alexis de Tocqueville, to John Stuart Mill, to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The interpretations and approaches taken to the subject of tyranny and how to protect against it, though, were as varied as the collection of authors who addressed it. From de Tocqueville’s stringent observationsRead More A Comparison of the Economic Philosophies of Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx1781 Words   |  8 PagesSmith (18th Century), John Stuart Mill (19th Century), and Karl Marx (19th Century) are of the same cloth, but in modern terms their community is re ferenced as a government, and they each have their own distinct opinions on the drive instilled within human nature that shape their personal economic theories. I will be dissecting the views of each of these economists, in regards to the role of government within their envisioned society. While showcasing the difference in views, I want to focus onRead MoreCritical Writing Assigment 41874 Words   |  8 Pageswhich leaned somewhat to laissez-faire economics, the interpretation of John Stuart Mill, which was complex and indecisive, and the interpretation of Karl Marx, which argued against the concept of a free market. The essay concludes by discussing the complexity of the debate and the unanswered questions it still presents to modern economists. Keywords: free market, free market system, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx Introduction The majority of classical economists based their workRead MoreMasterpieces Always Come With Good Reasons And Fantastic1716 Words   |  7 Pagesexcellent works. I. On Liberty by John Stuart Mill In his work On Liberty, Mill starts from historical facts, analysing facts using his reasons and gets his conclusions; then, changing his way he used to use, he starts from fictions that made by himself and are different or totally opposite to those historical facts, and gets an opposite conclusions, thus reinforcing his conclusions extracted from facts. And we shall see a lot of examples in his work. When Mill talks about the liberty of beliefRead MorePostmoderntiy: a Break from Modernity1903 Words   |  8 Pagesdefinitive and it’s up to the writers to clarify their particular usage. (Gibbins Reimer, 1996, p. 8) As such, the meaning of â€Å"post† in this paper refers a â€Å"break from†, â€Å"opposition to†, â€Å"difference to and from† and a response to†. Works of Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill; Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault will prove that there is break between Modernity and Postmodernity. Modernity Modernity refers to a way of life and state of mind that experience progressive economic and administrativeRead MoreJeremy Bentham And Utilitarianism1461 Words   |  6 Pageswould not conclude to start a food fight. Bentham taught his teachings to one of his disciples John Stuart Mill. Just as Bentham, Mill believed in utilitarianism and advocated it throughout his beliefs. He advocated for women’s suffrage, which does produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Classless Philosophy At the same time, Karl Marx advocated for a different view of society. Karl Marx (1818-1838) was a Prussian philosopher who noticed the great gap between the rich and the poorRead MoreMy Life I Have Been Exposed With Little Diversity Essay2146 Words   |  9 Pageswould change my perspective on freedom entirely). Throughout the term nearly all the books had a theme of freedom, however, five stood out in particular Democracy and Its Global Roots by Amartya Sen, On Liberty by John Stuart Mill and The Republic by Plato, The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels and Omelas by Ursula le Guin. Throughout the semester Human Experience gave me the opportunity to branch out from my credulous past and learn more struggles that occurred for society to be

Critique Steps (Understanding Quantitative Research)

OUTLINE OF BASIC CRITIQUE STEPS (understanding quantitative research): Brink and Wood (1994), and Burnes and Groves (1997), similarly describe the steps for quantitative nursing research process and methods. The authors include not only the basic steps to conduct nursing studies, but also translating the studies into articles for publication. According to Burnes Groves (1997), and Hamric and Spross (1992), the quantitative research method is used to describe or gain more information, test relationships, examine cause and effect relationships, and uses numeric data to answer problems. The following is a basic outline of what is included in nursing research study, and what you should critique a study for: 1. Purpose a. Usually found†¦show more content†¦a. Dependent variable-Response, behavior, or outcome the researcher wants to explain. b. Independent variable-The treatment or experimental variable manipulated by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. NOTE: One easy way of differentiating between these variables is to remember that independent means standing alone, and dependent means relying on something. Don t let statistics scare you! If you are a novice at article critique, work on being able to find the sample adequately represented in an included table, chart or graph. Take small steps! 5. Findings/Nursing Implications/ Conclusions: a. The findings and conclusions should be relevant, useable, and generated from the study. b. Suspect bias if questionable generalizability, sample defect, or weak design. NOTE: Don t expect perfection! Every report might offer something useful, ideas you can use, improve, or develop! POLISHING THE CRITIQUE Remember that all research is subject to a critique. But until you, the reader have critiqued the report, you have no way of knowing if the study is based on good, systematic research principles. Follow the above outline next time you read a nursing research article. Jot down the outline headings (purpose, sample, methods, data analysis, and nursing implications). And find the content from the article you chose to read. For the first couple of studies, critique the article backwards and forwards. This is time well spent because youShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Sedation Management799 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Critique The design of both quantitative and qualitative research offer valuable information to the health sciences. There are circumstances when certainty is necessary, and a quantitative design is needed. In contrast, there are times when an understanding of the quality of a particular social interaction is needed. The paper will apply a quantitative and a qualitative research article to the topic of sedation management to help validate meaning gleaned from two different research designsRead MoreA Quantitative Style Analysis About Different English Translations Of The Captains Daughter By Alexander Pushkin1176 Words   |  5 PagesQiuying Jiang 11/03/2017 Programming for Cultural Data Analysis - Proposal A Quantitative Style Analysis about Different English Translations of the Captain’s Daughter by Alexander Pushkin Data Set The data set includes three English translations of The Captain’s Daughter (Alexander Pushkin, 1836) from Ekaterina Telfer, T. Keane and Milne Home respectively. The translation of Milne Home is downloaded from Gutenberg which is an open access project that offers free eBooks to public. The other translationsRead MoreCmp9500B Comprehensive Exam Solution1570 Words   |  7 Pagescom/shop/cmp9500b-comprehensive-exam-solution/ Question 1: Theory Theories play a vitally important role in guiding research and organizing and making sense of research findings. In spite of the great importance of theory-building and theory testing within your field of specialization, there is no generally accepted conception of what a theory is. Because your dissertation must contribute to theory, you must have a clear understanding of the variety of conceptions of theory, types of theories, and ways of contributing to theoryRead MoreClinical Log 2 : Clinical Assessment1655 Words   |  7 Pagesevidenced-based information, followed by the description and critique of the research article the writer tried to find the evidence. Then the essay is concluded with the reflection of learning through this assignment. Clinical Incident My preceptor is a full-time radiation therapist, conducting research to improve patients’ experience during their cancer treatment. Through the placement, I was able to participate in the actual research process by inputting data to an excel spreadsheet. The dataRead MoreImportance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews1615 Words   |  7 PagesImportance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreDeveloping a framework for critiquing health research5723 Words   |  23 Pagesnew framework for critiquing health-related research is presented in this article. More commonly used existing frameworks tend to have been formulated within the quantitative research paradigm. While frameworks for critiquing qualitative research exist, they are often complex and more suited to the needs of students engaged in advanced levels of study. The framework presented in this article addresses both quantitative and qualitative research within one list of questions. It is argued thatRead MoreNu310 the Effects of Crossed Leg on Blood Pressure Measurement1549 Words   |  7 PagesJuly16, 2013 Critiquing Design and Sampling Methodologies Identification of design Quantitative: Foster-Fitzpatrick and colleagues used a comparative-experimental method design that involved a non-probability sampling of 100 hypertensive males to determine if crossing the leg at the knee during blood pressure measurement has an effect on the patient’s blood pressure reading? In this experimental research the implementation of blood pressure (independent variable) will be monitored, and theRead MoreQualitative Critique: A Study1663 Words   |  7 PagesQualitative Critique The qualitative approach to research is anchored in the ideographic tradition and seeks to focus on the insiders world and the meanings that are attached to behaviour. While this is a general view of qualitative studies each qualitative design has unique foci. Hudacek (2008) examined the concept of caring in the work of nurses using a phenomenological design. Phenomenology gives attention to the subjective social reality. It gives value to the individual experience of the actorRead MoreMedian Nerve And Its Impact On Patients Perception Of Health Condition1646 Words   |  7 Pagesis a critique on the article Median nerve conduction impairment in patients with diabetes and its impact on patients’ perception of health condition, written by Lewko, PolityÅ„ska, Kochanowicz, Zarzycki, Mariak, Gà ³rska, and Krajewska-KuÅ‚ak (2013). Limited mobility is one of the components that patients with diabetes can face in their life. This article outlines the difficulty that diabetic patients are facing with their activity of daily living (ADL) due to impaired mobility. The research includedRead MoreResearch Critique, Part 1: Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction798 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Critique, Part 1: Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction Grand Canyon University: NRS-433V 06-04-2016 PROBLEM STATEMENT: The broad research problem leading to this study is the belief that nursing shortage in facilities leads to patient safety issues. The review of available literature on this topic shows strong evidence that lower nurse staffing levels in hospitals are associated with worse patient outcomes. Some of these outcomes include

Labeling - Packaging and Country of Origin An Essay

Question: Describe about An Essay Labeling, Packaging and Country of Origin. Answer: Labeling, Packaging and Country of Origin Australia The subject of marketing is multi faceted and there are number of components which go together on to make a marketing campaign effective. Marketing is a perennial process and continues to work for a company. It is important to mention that most of the bigger companies focus on working on different marketing strategies in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. There are different strategies which are being used by the leading multinational companies and this has helped them to understand the nerve of the market effectively (Berry et al., 2015). Marketing has also become one of the key subjects for the companies nowadays since there is also an aspect of ethics which work to make marketing campaigns successful. Packaging, labeling and country of origin has become some of the key aspects not only for marketing but also to establish one company as a brand (Kaynak et al., 2000). In the wake of the internet civilisation and the introduction of numerous other technologies common mass have become highly informed as well as ethical in purchasing their regular items and hence it becomes extremely important that labeling, packaging and country of origin is discussed effectively (Murphy, 2010). What has made labeling, packaging so important for companies nowadays? It is one concept that most of the management researchers and scholars have researched upon in the recent past and the answer to it is ethical consumerism. The concept of ethical consumerism is not completely different and is interwoven with the development of the packaging, labeling concepts. It is important to note that the concept of labeling and packaging has become essential and is given paramount importance by a lot of contemporary companies (Lencucha Drope, 2015). In Australia some of the bigger organisations like Coles which has been now taken over by the biggest company in Australia that is Wesfarmers, Woolworths Ltd et cetera all have focused on getting effective packaging in order to make good impression among the consumers. Packaging and labeling has become key issue for the company since nowadays consumers have become highly concerned about the environment and hence the concept of green packaging and labeling has come in the market. While packaging has been there in existence for more than centuries but labeling has emerged as important in the recent past (Spielmann, 2015). One of the new concepts which the consumers are now concerned with is the country of origin. Country of origin is basically the information about the food which the consumers want to know. It could be said that in the recent past this has become another key aspect which the companies has to focus on as consumers have become highly concerned about the daily items they purchase and all the information relevant to the product they are purchasing. With the increasing concerns for making businesses green and with consumers becoming highly concerned there are number of issues that have emerged in the regarding packaging, labeling and country of origin and the present study will take an opportunity to discuss these issues in this study (Lencucha Drope, 2015). There are some key issues that have rose to the occasion in the recent past regarding packaging, labeling. It is important to mention that with the world undergoing globalisation the world has faced number of crisis and one of the biggest problems is pollution (Lupien., 2005). This issue has emerged as initially packaging was not taken seriously. Plastic has always been the preferred material for packaging and this has been one of the key issues. Plastic is a material is a poor quality carbon material which affects the environment badly and eliminating this substance from use has been one of the problems for the company as it is one of the easiest way of packaging and also comes cheap (Gracia de-Magistris, 2016). Since packaging is one of the ways the consumers are attracted by the companies it is given paramount importance nowadays, and with the focus of attracting consumers companies often forget to be sustainable with the packaging systems. In the recent past there have been prob lems with packaging and hence the Australian Government has become proactive in eliminating the issues with packaging and make sure that the packaging is sustainable, green and favorable for the environment. Ethics has always been related to packaging problems (Smith, 2015). Another key issue that is related to packaging is the thought process of the company. Most of the companies nowadays try to lure customers with posh packaging and as well as labeling but often consumers are deceived with the products. Often what is exhibited through packaging is not given to customers and this is one of the key issues that have to be eliminated in order to get that much needed trust of the consumers (Skaczkowski et al., 2016). Nowadays consumers not only want to see effective packaging but also want freshness of the foods and often through packaging the consumers are cheated and hence this will have to be worked upon. Often to create brand, packaging is used to establish that but in order to compete in the market companies in Australia have failed to keep that promise. Recently this problem has become a key problem as the companies have not been able to handle it. On the other hand labeling has become one of the key marketing techniques especially through the labeling in the packaged products (Miller et al., 2016). Companies like Woolworths, Coles and Dick Smith Electronics have all focused on labeling their products effectively through which they have been able to attract consumers effectively. The present Australian Labeling law does not even allow the consumers to know all the information regarding the product which is also a key ethical issue (Del Giudice et al., 2016). The companies often fail to prov ide all the information which is a strategy that often misleads customers. These companies develop the graphics, labels and safety is not exhibited. For instance in Beverages sold in the stores do not share the information regarding the nutritional content, its size et cetera which is hardly displayed. This not only affects the consumers as it creates significant questions regarding the transparency of the companies. On the other hand it also poses serious threat to the safety as the packaging is focused on looking great but not securing the product and its supply (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2012). In the recent past in Australia the attribute of origin of the country and environmental safety is stated as one of the biggest problems for marketers. Environmental issues with the packaging is companies in Australia in fact most of the companies in the world state the product is environment friendly but often the products do not have environment friendly attribute which is completely a wrong way to advertise a product and this is pretty common nowadays ( Van Sickle et al., 2003). In order to compete in the market the companies have failed to put up a good show with the material that they use for packing products. Plastic and paper are two mostly used components for packing and when on one side plastic is a non decomposable substance, on the other hand constant deforestation taking place for paper creation is also a problem (Nickxenophon.com.au, 2016). There have been number of initiatives that have been taken to stop this but when the organisations are not taking it seriously. Wast e products created through this kind of packaging creates trouble for effective waste management programs. In certain occasions the companies are not able to handle the ethical dilemma of packaging as in the recent times the consumers in Australia have become a concerned and aware. Origin of country of a product is not exhibited is a big offense which some companies including Woolworths have faced in the recent past. The origin of country in the labeling helps the consumers to let know where the product is actually from. In Australian Labeling law there is no clause which allows the consumers to know where the product is coming from (Skaczkowski et al., 2016). Under the current product law in Australia a product could be described as Made in Australia if around 51% of the product is transformed in Australia which includes packaging as well which means if a beverage has 90% liquid concentrate from Brazil or USA or UK it doesnt create any problem. As per Australian Competition and Con sumer Commission it is a legal offense to mislead consumers regarding origin of the country but it has been a consistent problem and issue (Carter et al., 2006). Hence it could be said that the key issues that is related to packaging and labeling are mainly ethical issues which some companies deliberately or some of them unintentionally do in order to grab customer attention and this has been a prevalent problem in Australia which has to be handled with strict laws and legislations (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2012). To conclude the essay it is important to mention that Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has been optimistic with their initiatives for instance the organisation has laid down defined new labeling and country of origin strategy which is likely to change the scenario in the country regarding this prevalent problem related to issues of packaging and labeling and country of origin (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2012). Hence finally it is important that since the market has grown rapidly and consumers have also become ethical it is important for the companies working in Australia to handle their labeling, packaging and country of origin successfully to gain competitive advantage (Goldsmith, 2016). References Berry, C., Mukherjee, A., Burton, S. and Howlett, E., 2015. A COOL effect: The direct and indirect impact of country-of-origin disclosures on purchase intentions for retail food products.Journal of Retailing,91(3), pp.533-542. Del Giudice, T., La Barbera, F., Vecchio, R. and Verneau, F., 2016.Anti-Waste Labeling and Consumer Willingness to Pay.Journal of International Food Agribusiness Marketing,28(2), pp.149-163. Goldsmith, E.B., 2016.Consumer economics: Issues and behaviors. Routledge. Gracia, A. and de-Magistris, T., 2016. Consumer preferences for food labeling: What ranks first?.Food Control,61, pp.39-46. Lencucha, R. and Drope, J., 2015. Plain packaging: an opportunity for improved international policy coherence?.Health promotion international,30(2), pp.281-290 Miller, S., Driver, T., Saunders, C. and Dalziel, P., 2016. High Value Nutrition: Country of Origin. Murphy, P.E., 2010. Marketing, Ethics of.Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Skaczkowski, G., Durkin, S., Kashima, Y. and Wakefield, M., 2016. The effect of packaging, branding and labeling on the experience of unhealthy food and drink: A review.Appetite,99, pp.219-234. Smith, S.A., 2015.Evaluating Consumer Response to Environmental Labels on Packaging Using Eye-Tracking(Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech). Spielmann, N., 2015. Anything but typical: how consumers evaluate origin products based on their cues.International Journal of Wine Business Research,27(1), pp.23-39. Grure, G.P. and Rao, S.R., 2007.A review of international labeling policies of genetically modified food to evaluate Indias proposed rule. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN In-text:(Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2012) Your Bibliography:Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2012).Country of origin. [online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/groceries/country-of-origin [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. OOD LABELLING SCANDAL | NICK XENOPHON - INDEPENDENT SENATOR FOR SOUTH AUSTRALIA In-text:(Nickxenophon.com.au, 2016) Your Bibliography:Nickxenophon.com.au. (2016).Food Labelling Scandal | Nick Xenophon - Independent Senator for South Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.nickxenophon.com.au/campaigns/food-labelling-scandal/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016].

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Example

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing CHAPTER 4 Outline * Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) * Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing * Statistical Time Division Multiplexing * Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL) Multiplexing * Set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single link * allows several transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity Link = physical path Channel = portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pairs of lines 2 CATEGORY OF MULTIPLEXING WDM FDM TDM ADSL Frequency Division Multiplexing * FDM – numerous signals are combined for ransmission on a single communications line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different frequency (subchannel) within the main channel. * Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel * e. g. broadcast radio and cable television * Channel allocated even if no data Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram * Each signal is modulated to a different carrie r frequency * Carrier frequencies separated by guard bands (unused bandwidth) – to prevent interference so signals do not overlap. 3 FDM System FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines signals. FDM process FDM Demultiplexing Example 1 Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 KHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show the configuration using the frequency domain without the use of guard bands. Solution Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different bandwidth, as shown in next figure Example 2 Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the channels to prevent interference? Solution We will write a custom essay sample on Multiplexing and Data Rate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Multiplexing and Data Rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Multiplexing and Data Rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that the required bandwidth is at least 5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz, as shown in next Figure. Example 3 Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate configuration using FDM Solution The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four channels, each channel having a 250-KHz bandwidth. Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that each 4 bits are modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16- QAM modulation. Figure 6. 8 shows one possible configuration. Analog Carrier Systems ATT (USA) * Hierarchy of FDM schemes * Group 1. 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz 2. Range 60kHz to 108kHz * Supergroup 1. 60 channel 2. FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz * Mastergroup 1. 10 supergroups Analog Hierarchy To maximize the efficiency infrastructure, multiplexed signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher-bandwidth signals FDM of Th ree Voiceband Signals FDM Applications 1. Common used radio broadcasting AM and FM * AM (530 – 1700KHz) – shared with all radio stations * FM uses a wider band (88 – 108MHz) – each station needs more bandwidth, 200KHz 2. Television Broadcasting * Each TV channel has own bandwidth of 6 Mhz 3. 1st Generation of Cellular telephones * Voice signal 3KHz (300 – 3300Hz) channels * Bt = 10 x Bm , therefore each channel has 30KHz channels * each user has been allocated two 30KHz channel, therefore 60KHz. Example 4 The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30 KHz in each direction. The 3- KHz voice is modulated using FM, creating 30 KHz of modulated signal. How many people can use their ellular phones simultaneously? Solution Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz into 30 KHz, we get 833. 33. In reality, the band is divided into 832 channels. Wavelength Division Multiplexing * Multiple beams of light at different frequency * Carried by optical fiber * A form of FDM (same concept) * Each colour of light (wavelength) carries separate data channel * 1997 Bell Labs * 10 0 beams * Each at 10 Gbps * Giving 1 terabit per second (Tbps) * Commercial systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now available * Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39. 8 Gbps each * 10. 1 Tbps * Over 100km WDM Operation Same general architecture as other FDM * Number of sources generating laser beams at different frequencies * Multiplexer consolidates sources for transmission over single fiber * Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths * Typically tens of km apart * Demux separates channels at the destination * Mostly 1550nm wavelength range * Was 200MHz per channel * Now 50GHz Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing * DWDM * No official or standard definition * Implies more channels more closely spaced that WDM * 200GHz or less TDM digital process that allows several connections to share the high bandwidth of a link ach connection occupies a portion of time in the link TDM is a digital multiplexing technique to combine data. TDM : Time Slots and Frames In a TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit duration is n times shorter. Time Division Multiplexing Example 5 Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit. Find : (1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing, (2) the transmission rate of the link, (3) the duration of a time slot, and (4) the duration of a frame? Solution We can answer the questions as follows: 1. The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0. 001 s (1 ms). 2. The rate of the link is 4 Kbps. 3. The duration of each time slot 1/4 ms or 250 ms. 4. The duration of a frame 1 ms. Interleaving †¢ switches are synchronized and rotate at the same speed but opposite direction †¢process of sending a unit data onto the path when the connection on the multiplexing and de-multiplexing is open Example 6 Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the bit rate for the link. Solution The multiplexer is shown in Figure 6 Example 7 A multiplexer combines four 100-Kbps channels using a time slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary inputs. What is the frame rate? What is the frame duration? What is the bit rate? What is the bit duration? Solution Figure 7 shows the output for four arbitrary inputs. Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing * Possible when data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to be transmitted * Multiple digital signals interleaved of each signal in time during transmission * Interleaving can be at bit level of blocks * Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed Time slots allocated even if no data * Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst sources Synchronous TDM System TDM Link Control * No headers and trailers * Data link control protocols not needed * Flow control * Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed * If one channel receiver can not receive data, the * others must carry on * The corresponding source must be quenched * This leaves empty slots * Error control Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems Data Link Control on TDM Framing †¢Time slot length = transmitter buffer length †¢Each frame contains a cycle of time slot Framing bits follow a pattern to ensure incoming stream synchronized with demux to separate time slots accurately * No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM frames to manage the overall TDM link * Must provide synchronizing mechanism * Added digit framing * One control bit added to each TDM frame * Looks like another channel â€Å"control channel† * Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel * e. g. alternating bit pattern 01010101†¦unlikely to be sustained on a data channel * Can compare incoming bit patterns on each * channel with sync pattern * If pattern not match, successive bit position re search until persist over multiple frame * When establish, receiver continue monitoring the framing bit channel * If the pattern break, the receiver must aga in enter a framing search mode Example 8 We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (1) the data rate of each source, (2) the duration of each character in each source, (3) the frame rate, (4) the duration of each frame, (5) the number of bits in each frame, and (6) the data rate of the link. Solution Answer as follows: 1. The data rate of each source is 250 x 8 = 2000 bps = 2 Kbps. 2. The duration of a character is 1/250 s = 4 ms. 3. The link needs to send 250 frames per second. 4. The duration of each frame is 1/250 = 4 ms. 5. Each frame is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits. 6. The data rate of the link is 250 x 33 = 8250 bps. Example 9 Two channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with a bit rate of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed. How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate? What is the frame duration? What is the bit rate of the link? Solution We can allocate one slot to the first channel and two slots to the second channel. Each frame carries 3 bits. The frame rate is 100,000 frames per second because it carries 1 bit from the first channel. The frame duration is 1/100,000 = 10 ms. The bit rate is 100,000 frames/s x 3 bits/frame = 300 Kbps. Pulse Stuffing * Problem Synchronizing various data sources * Each source has separate clock, variation among clock cause loss synchronization * Data rates from different sources not related by simple rational number * Solution Pulse Stuffing as effective remedy * Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates * Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each ncoming signal until it matches local clock * Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer TDM of Analog and Digital Sources Digital Carrier Systems * Long distance carrier system * Designed to transmit voice signal over high capacity transmission lonks usuch as optical fiber, coax and microwave * ATT developed hierarchy of TDM structures of various capacities * USA/Canada/Japan use one system * ITU-T use a similar (but different) system * US system based on DS-1 format which Multiplexes 24 channels * Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one raming bit, 24 x 8 +1 =193 bits per frame Digital Carrier Systems (2) * For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (using PCM at 8000 samples per sec) * Data rate 8000193 = 1. 544Mbps * Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples * Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit * Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info * Same format for digital data * 23 channels of data * 7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control * 24th channel is sync DS Hierarchy TDM Carrier Standard North American and International TDM Carrier Standards Statistical TDM * In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted * Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand * Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full * Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines * Improve efficiency is to allow multiple data resources to be packed in one single frame Statistical TDM Frame Formats Performance * Output data rate less than aggregate input data rates cause by average amount of input capacity of multiplexed line * Difficulty: May cause problems during peak periods when the input exceed capacity * Solution Buffer inputs to hold temporary excess input * Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay Cable Modem Outline * To support data transfer to and from a cable modem, two channels from cable TV provider dedicated to data transfer * One in each direction * Each channel shared by number of subscribers * Scheme needed to allocate capacity * Statistical TDM Cable Modem Operation Downstream * Cable sc heduler delivers data in small packets * If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of downstream capacity †¢ May get 500kbps to 1. 5Mbps * Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers Upstream * User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel †¢ Dedicated slots for this * Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future time slots to subscriber Cable Modem Scheme Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL Link between subscriber and network * Local loop Uses currently installed twisted pair cable * Can carry broader spectrum * 1 MHz or more ADSL Design Asymmetric -Greater capacity downstream than upstream -Expected for video on demand and related services – high speed access -Users require higher capacity for downstream than upstream Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) element of ADSL strategy †¢ Reserve lowest 25kHz for voice – Plain old telephone service (POTS) – Voice carried only 0 – 4KHz band – Additional bandwidth for prevent crosstalk between voice and data channel †¢ Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands – smaller upstream band and larger downstream band †¢ Use FDM within upstream and downstream bands – Single bit stream multiple parallel bit streams – each portion carried separate frequency band Range up to 5. 5km -Depending of diameter cables and quality ADSL Channel Configuration Discrete Multitone * DMT * Use multiple carrier signals at different requencies * Sending some bits on each channel * Available transmission band =4kHz subchannels * Send test signal and use subchannels with better signal to noise ratio * ASL/DMT design employ 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps) * Possible to transmit at rate15. 36MHz * Impairments bring this down to 1. 5Mbps to 9Mbps DTM Bits Per Channel Allocation †¢Each channel can carry data rate from 0-60 Kbps †¢Shows increasing attenuation and decreasing signalto- noise ratio at higher frequencies DMT Transmitter xDSL * High data rate DSL * Single line DSL * Very high data rate DSL

Adsl Essays - Digital Subscriber Line, Electronic Design Automation

Adsl Essays - Digital Subscriber Line, Electronic Design Automation Adsl ADSL has been of interest to me for the past couple of years because it enables high-speed data on a single pair of local copper loop. It is phenomenal how it can allow voice and data to run concurrently over the same pair of wire. The article of choice for this report is in the subject of ADSL technology and the integration of the chip sets. Within these five pages the author examines the design methodology that Alcatel has used to develop their mixed signal chip set-asynchronous digital subscriber line (ADSL) and the chip implementation environment. I believe that software emulations of hardware components are a more reliable and cheaper way to design devices. Although I have no experience with device designing, it is interesting to me how software emulation can facilitate the engineer with a fast editing environment. There are no soldering and complicated physical barriers involved. When the Alcatel design team tested the system in a worst-case scenario, restricting its range of voltage and temperature, the simulation of just 10 seconds of initialization could have taken days of simulation time. But Alcatel resorted to using an emulator for fast debugging. The emulator, in contrast with the simulation, would only take a few hours, not days. A very important aspect in new technology is to permit the ease for product enhancements. In a broad sense, many times there are new and more efficient ways of implementing a certain design after its final release. The author outlines in his conclusion that Alcatel completed a USB version of the ADSL digital chip. That explains the ease and no hassle install of my ADSL modem to my laptop. the writer outlines illustrates the Because of the flexibility of the chip bus architecture, other digital back ends can be integrated onto the chip. Bibliography Integrated System Design August 2000 Designing ADSL Chip Sets for Rapid Integration

Plan an Entire Year of Content with this Retail Marketing Events Calendar Template

Plan an Entire Year of Content with this Retail Marketing Events Calendar Template You’re probably thinking that it’s a little too soon to be planning next year’s retail marketing calendar. But why put off until tomorrow what you can do today? In fact, there are a lot of benefits to planning your retail and e-commerce marketing campaigns  early. A few include: You’ll start filling your sales funnel  early, which means people will be closer to making a purchase decision by the time peak buying periods roll around. Working far in advance means you’ll have more time to build up plenty of marketing runway. You can be more creative, since you’ll have plenty of time to do it right. There will be fewer last-minute fire-drills, making your work life more manageable. While I’m not expecting you to have all of your retail marketing activities for next year planned, this template and infographic should help you build up at least a quarter or more of marketing campaigns. If you’re not ready to start planning yet – no problem. It’ll be here waiting for you when you’re ready to get started. There’s even a printable retail marketing infographic and calendar template to help you when it’s time to get planning. Retail Marketing Calendar Templates Before getting into the nuts and bolts of planning your retail marketing calendar, you’ll want to download these templates. You’ll find:   A Marketing Campaign Planning Template  to organize your entire retail marketing campaign. A Retail Marketing Calendar with all the upcoming holidays to plan your campaigns around. A Printable Retail Marketing Infographic  to keep up with all the key marketing dates. What is a Retail Marketing Calendar? Let’s start by discussing a little about what a retail calendar actually is. A retail marketing and events calendar is usually a spreadsheet that gives the marketing team a single source of truth for all the upcoming marketing activities. It’s the birds-eye view of the marketing strategy, new merchandise launches upcoming events and promotional schedules. A robust calendar should outline deadlines, tasks, and all required actions that must take place for content to publish on time. It's the document that makes sure your marketing activities go from imagination to reality. Companies who sell a product via a brick-and-mortar, e-commerce store, or pop-up shop can all benefit from a retail marketing calendar. Planning Your Retail Marketing Events and Campaigns When sitting down to start strategizing about your upcoming retail and sales campaigns, there are a few things you can do to make sure your initiatives are successful. Some marketers feel that these steps are a waste of time and take away effort that could be used to produce customer-facing content. However, marketers are 356% more likely to report success  when they engage in a few planning activities before launching a campaign. Here are a few areas to focus on: Recommended Reading: The Marketing Management + Strategy Statistics You Need to Know in 2019 Goal and Objective Setting The main goal of retail marketing is to bring visitors to the store†¦ be it a digital or physical location. Then, we need to convert these visitors into paying customers. Rarely does a visitor complete  a purchase their first time in the store. The buying cycle typically involves numerous interactions prior to making a sale. The individual will visit the store, see an ad or social media post, follow the company, sign up for its mailing list, visit the store again, put something in the shopping cart, abandon the shopping cart, click an ad, go cold for a few weeks, open a discount email, visit the store again, and finally complete their purchase. It’s a convoluted process†¦ and it can take weeks or even months. Defining goals and objectives can help you make sense of the often complicated marketing funnel. Let’s go through how to set goals that actually contribute to the bottom line. â€Å"Get more visitors.† This is not a very well-thought-out business goal. Why? Because it doesn’t specify much more than an outcome. Your marketing goals need to provide clear guideposts for what success looks like. In other words. Your goals need to be S.M.A.R.T. Here’s what your goal should look like instead: ‘We need 20,000 website visitors and 5% converted into leads, within the next 12-months in order to achieve our revenue goal of $1.2 million.† Recommended Reading: How To Set Social Media Goals To Crush Your Business Objectives Find Your Retail Marketing Goal With This Step-by-Step Process Start by figuring out how much revenue you need to generate and how much you want to grow. Step 1: Figure out how much revenue you need to generate and how much you want to grow. Your company sold $1 million worth of merchandise last year. You want to grow by 20% in the coming year. That means you need to sell $1.2 million next year. Here’s the equation: Total Sales Previous Year x Percentage Growth = Revenue Increase $1 million x .20 = $200,000 $1 million + $200,000 = $1.2 million Step 2: Calculate the average price of your sales. So, you sold $1 million dollars in merchandise last year and you had about 20,000 total customers. That means the average person spent $50 in your store. Total Sales Previous Year / Total Number of Customers = Average Price of Each Sale $1 million / 20,000 = $50 Step 3: Figure out how many customers you need to reach your revenue goal. Assuming the average sale of $50 remains constant... You’ll need about 24,000 customers next year. OR 4,000 more than you had last year. Total Revenue Next Year / Average Sale Price = Total Customers Needed Next Year $1.2 million / $50 = 24,000 Step 4: Calculate your visitor conversion rate. Not everyone who visits your store will make a purchase or become a customer. You need to figure out your conversion percentage to make an accurate approximation for how many total visitors you’ll need to bring in to meet your revenue goal. Taking the numbers from above, your store had 1 million total visitors last year and 20,000 of them turned into paying customers. In that case, you converted 2% of visitors into paying customers. Total Customers / Total Visitors * 100 = Conversion Rate 20,000 / 1,000,000 * 100 = 2% Step 5: Calculate the total number of visitors you need to reach your growth goal. The final step is to figure out how many visitors you need to bring in as a marketer to reach the revenue goal of $1.2 million dollars in sales. Assuming you continue to convert 2% of visitors Total Customer Needed / Conversion Rate   = Total Visitors Needed 24,000 / .02 = 1.2 Million Visitors That’s your north star as a marketer. Everything you do should be focused on driving 1.2 million people to visit your store. Brainstorm Ideas to Reach your Visitor Goals 1.2 million visitors (or whatever visitor number you calculated using the formula above) aren’t going to just magically appear. You’ve got to do some great marketing to bring them to your store. To start your brainstorming session, use this simple three-step process. Step 1: Get your marketing team together in a room. Have everyone spend ten minutes writing down as many ideas as they can. Don’t worry about the quality of those ideas yet - you will vet the ideas in step 3. Step 2: Spend ten minutes reading each idea out loud. Have each team member score every idea on a three-point scale. Threes are home runs, twos are possibilities, and ones you can skip altogether. Step 3: Spend ten more minutes reviewing each idea that everyone agrees is a three. These are your best ideas and the ones you should go with. By following this process, you can wrap up your campaign brainstorming in half-hour to an hour (depending on how much time you spend discussing ideas at the end). Map All Your Best Projects on a Retail Marketing Calendar After you’ve figured out all your best marketing ideas, it’s time to get planning. The template provided in the download above provides a basic foundation to get started. Simple populate the excel spreadsheet with all your ideas, when you’re going to launch them and who will be involved. Remember each individual project should have a goal to drive a certain number of visitors. Here’s how to use it: I’ve created a fictional company that sells basic kids clothing and accessories. This activity plan gives a high level for each campaign that is coming down the pipeline. In the next tab on the spreadsheet, you’ll find an area for the granular campaign details. Begin filling out details for each project under the campaign. I started by creating a fictional influencer outreach campaign where 4 influencers will create sponsored content on their Instagram feeds. Provide a short description of the project, the budget, the goal, and due dates for each task needed. Next, you can fill in the due dates on the calendar template provided. This provides further clarification of due dates for each task If you’re kinda sick of managing a bunch of different spreadsheets†¦ And you’re never really sure if people are on top of their tasks†¦ Try planning your retail marketing activities in instead. Rather than having to constantly update a spreadsheet, gives you a single version of truth so everyone can finally get on the same page. Start by creating a marketing campaign by choosing the first option called â€Å"marketing campaign†. Once you’ve done this, you’ll see the campaign populate on your calendar. Next, add each individual project that will make up the campaign. I’ll start with the influencer campaign similar to the one in the spreadsheet template. Next, give your campaign a title and due date. Now, instead of creating static due dates in a spreadsheet, assign and delegate tasks in so everyone knows what their contributions are and when to do them. After you’ve assigned the tasks, each individual will see them pop-up on their daily to-do lists. Once you’ve added all the projects, everyone on your team will be able to see how all the pieces of your retail marketing campaign fit together. Here’s what a fully populated marketing campaign in looks like. You’ll see every project, due dates, tasks and project progress all in one place. Use ’s Hubspot Integration for The Ultimate Holiday Calendar A lot of retailers are leveraging the power of Hubspot. Which is great – lucky for you we integrate seamlessly with all things Hubspot. Here’s how it works: Connect your HubSpot account directly in to sync your email marketing, pages, and blog posts into one place. Once you’ve connected your Hubspot account, you can create Hubspot projects directly in . When adding a new project, you’ll see a couple of Hubspot options you can add to your calendar. Enter your title, add labels, owner, etc. Click the Create button when you are ready. Next, choose your URL, if you're managing multiple sites, then the Page template you're wanting to work with. Once finished, you will see the HubSpot Page editor added to your project. You can change the Post Title, Author, and Scheduled Time in . To edit further, click Edit in HubSpot. Key Dates in Retail Marketing Retail marketing ebbs and flows with seasonal changes, holidays, events and special occasions. Knowing key dates allows you to plan in advance and prepare to increase sales with strategically timed marketing campaigns. This printable infographic will help you identify key marketing opportunities for better social media content, email promotions and more. I’ve also provided a few examples under each to show how you can launch similar occasion-based marketing campaigns around holidays and key dates.

Write an essay comparing and contrasting life in the colonies (pick

Write an comparing and contrasting life in the colonies (pick two colonies and discuss) - Essay Example Burkina Faso, formerly Upper Volta is a small, poor, landlocked country in West Africa which later became the part of French West Africa in 1896. A large number of people in Burkina Faso live in rural areas. The extended family and tribes are the basic social units. Excessive population and drought carved the people and they were compelled to move neighboring countries in search of better life facilities. If one compares the French colonies with that of the American, one can find that there existed somewhat a far better living condition in American colonies which allowed the freedom for education and health facilities for the colonists. Most of the colonies of the world faced the same problem of the wide dispersal of population and the migration of educated people to city life. The New England colonies in America gave more emphasis to education which later paved the way for the renewal of most of the colonies. The Dame school system was very common in the time of early colonial days. The one room school is managed by a woman in her house, with a few children. The political conditions were crucial in Burkina Faso before the conquest of France in the 1890s.The Islamic empire of Mali and Songhai ruled before the arrival of France into the scene. In Burkina Faso, the political life has been controlled by the small group of educated people, military officers and labor unions. The result of extreme poverty, political instability became a curse in Burkina Faso region. After the advent of French administration, these political organizations and labor unions demanded political freedom. The social life was so pathetic and the vegetation was mainly depended on seasonal rain. The poor soil supports few fruit trees and crops, which were insufficient for the inhabitants. While in New England colonies in America have been developed a different social

Exam question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam question - Essay Example While it is irrefutable that not everybody can be creative, it is universally accepted that everybody can be rational. Andrews’ definition, therefore, exploits the very essence of every employee. Employees use logic on a daily basis, but they do not frequently express themselves in a creative manner. If reason is the most common attribute in employees, and creativity is scarce, then a majority of corporations rely on logic more than creativity. Andrews is, therefore right: strategy is a rational process that is accompanied by implementation based on administrative acumen. Ohmae’s views are only just starting to be embraced at the highest echelons of the corporate world (Wit & Meyer, 2010). For example, companies like Google and Apple have adopted strategies that emphasize creativity as much as logic. Organizational strategy is no longer about structures and efficiency. In the past, when logic dominated creativity, senior management was considered to be the preserve of business majors only. However, nowadays engineers can be found managing large business organizations and delivering results. While conventionalism and rigidity typified earlier management, the current corporate setting features and offers endless management opportunities to creative minds. While the balance has shifted in favor of creativity, the jury is still out as to whether it can match the proven record of logic. In past and current studies conducted on this subject, consensus has been that the generative approach to strategy needs logic to guarantee success, while the rational approach can deliver desired results – as it always has – in the absence of creativity. In the contemporary organizational environment, creative people are still dominated by rationally-inclined individuals (Lafley & Martin, 2013). For example, advertising agencies often have departments that are in charge of developing all the creative

Corruption in corporate America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corruption in corporate America - Essay Example This kind of immoral behavior put my friend in a moral dilemma. He wanted to keep his job and was aiming for a promotion. Nonetheless, he felt uncomfortable with the price which is having an unfair advantage as compared to his colleagues. He did not really relish the idea that he got a higher ranking because of the unpaid money that he lent his superior. Whether my friend would or would not give in to his department head’s request, this experience may mar the rest of his career. In a macro level, favors in exchange for advancement in the workplace create a vicious cycle of unethical professional conduct. â€Å"If a company engages or tolerates corrupt practice, it will soon be widely known, both internally and externally† (United Nations, 2011). If left unchecked, a number of individuals in position may be in power without the required characteristics. Overall, this leads to ineffective organizations. In this particular issue, borrowing money among employees of unequal ranks should be greatly discouraged. Policies should be implemented to promote respect, loyalty, and honesty in businesses, companies, and other institutions. These values should be upheld specially in revered organizations such as the academe. As individuals who hone the hope of the future generations, ethical principles must be significantly observed. â€Å"Ousted Egyptian President’s Sons Face Corruption Charges†, this is currently one of the headlines in international news (Hendawi, 2012). According to the report, along with Hosni Mubarak, his sons are facing accusations on corruption and killing protesters. Apparently, they were not transparent as to their financial statements. Specifically, they did not declare their 80 % share in Al Watany Bank of Egypt to surreptitiously utilize it in their personal financial motives. In addition to this, it was recounted that there are also other kinds of corruption that the Mubaraks have been busy with. Clearly, this kind of social concern

Lord Of The Flies By William Golding Philosophy Essay

Lord Of The Flies By William Golding Philosophy Essay In this paper I chose to analyze the book Lord of the flies written by William Golding as I believe it matches very well the field of organizational theory by presenting the contrast between different styles of leadership and the opposed actions of two very different leaders. I will emphasize four types of leadership styles: democratic, autocratic, laissez-faire and charismatic. I chose this book because in the novel, leadership plays a very important role, as it does in real life for us, because the characters need to feel some sense of security in order for them to survive. The situational leadership theory proposes that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making: for example in a situation where the leader is the most knowledgeable and experienced member of a group, an authoritarian style might be most appropriate, in other instances where group members are skilled experts, a democratic style would be more effective. The fundamental underpinning of the situational leadership theory is that there is no single best style of leadership. Effective leadership is task-relevant, and the most successful leaders are those that adapt their leadership style to the maturity of the individual or group they are attempting to lead or influence. Effective leadership varies, not only with the person or group that is being influenced, but it also depends on the task, job or function that needs to be accomplished. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situa tional_leadership_theory) The existence of mankind on earth relies on various factors: the basic needs for humans to survive are food, water, shelter, but these are only the physical needs of man. Humans also have social and mental needs which require the existence of law in order to be able to coexist peacefully with themselves, the nature and the environment. The only way that law and order can be achieved in human society is by a higher authority, or some form of government or leader. William Golding tries to touch on some of these aspects of our civilization through the various characters he creates in his novel Lord of the Flies. (http://www.bookrags.com/essay-2005/12/13/185154/04/) The main theme of the novel is the conflict between two opposed instincts that exist within all human beings: the instinct to live by rules, act peacefully, follow moral commands, and value the good of the group against the instinct to gratify ones immediate desires, act violently to obtain supremacy over others, and enforce ones will. The two main leaders in the story, through their similar and different leadership characteristics and objectives fight back and forth to gain the discipline of the other boys on the island in order to gain the power to make the decisions that they feel should be made, sometimes for the better of the entire group, and sometimes for their own purpose. The leaders which are presented throughout the novel all have their own method of leading, and serve different purposes. The elected and democratic leader is Ralph while the self-appointed leader who tries to run a totalitarian society is Jack. In the beginning they work towards common goals, but eventually their different views on how to lead the group lead them into conflict. From the very beginning Ralph assumes primary responsibility for the groups tasks when he starts organizing their living, because he realizes that not doing so will result in savagery and moral chaos (Hynes, 59). Being aware of the situation in which they are, Ralph uses Piggys idea of the conch and takes the role of gathering the survivors. When the boys arrive in the island they automatically seek for some kind of law and order, since there are not any grown-ups. They want to belong to a group, with someone in charge to lead them, and make them feel safe. Ralph becomes this person, after being chosen in a democratic election. He tries to hear what everybody has to say. Let him be chief with the trumpet thing (Golding, 30). The conch is a symbol of democracy because it entitles everyone to having an opinion in all matters of importance. It also symbolizes law and order, everything which Ralph stands for. Although he is accepted as a leader in the beginning, his priorities as a leade r and way of thinking create conflict with some of the others. Theres another thing. We can help them to find us. If a ship comes near the island they might not notice us. So we must make a smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire. (Golding, 49) When one observes Ralphs actions, it becomes obvious that he is not only a task-motivated leader, but also a democratic leader, which results from the fact that he leads an expedition through the forest in order to find out if the island is deserted or not. Ralph also wants shelters to be built where they can sleep, branches to be collected for a signal fire and a specific place beyond the bathing-pool to be used as a lavatory. Furthermore, he introduces rules when he tells the boys that they have to have Hands up like at school (Golding, 31) and that only the person holding the conch is allowed to speak. In addition, the conch makes the boys feel they participate; when holding it they get a chance to speak their mind and the others must listen. It is a significant trait for a democratic leader to aim for an environment of equality. Without a doubt, Ralph is also a relationship-motivated leader. He is compassionate and caring when he tries to comfort the littluns (Golding, 61) by saying there is no beast to be afraid of. He is interested in what the other boys think and he listens to them and what they have to say before he makes decisions. His closest follower, Piggy, thinks a great deal about what has to be done and how they can do it and Ralph brings up Piggys ideas at the assemblies. In brief, these are all examples that support the fact that Ralph is a complex leadership figure. He wants to be a sympathetic and egalitarian leader who does not avoid his responsibilities, but he is only twelve years old and has neither the experience needed for the task, nor the support from the other boys. In the beginning, all the boys stand by the rules set by Ralph. After a while this society starts to break up as man has a way of choosing the easiest way out. The boys get tired of the responsibility and want to play, hunt and have fun. They do not want to get rescued as they are enjoying themselves too much. When moving on to the authoritarian leader, represented by Jack, we find a character who starts his advance for the role of leader at the very first assembly when he states that he is the rightful leader of the schoolboys since he is the head boy in the choir. He is arrogant and disrespectful when he yells at his choir and bullies Piggy by screaming Shut up Fatty! (Golding, 17). Jack feels humiliated when Ralph is elected. Although he temporarily gives in, Jack soon starts using different strategies to undermine Ralphs authority, and at the same time making himself more powerful. He stirs up the group by lying about Ralph having said that the hunters are bad at hunting. And even though Jack is the one who suggests that they need rules, and is quick to point out that the one who breaks them will be punished, he soon breaks them himself when he, for instance, speaks without holding the conch or makes himself heard above the other speakers (Olsen, 13). These actions are unopposed and we aken Ralphs leadership, and according to Kirsten Olsen it is the breaking of old rules and making his own (Olsen, 14) that paves the way for Jack coming to power. After being publicly humiliated when his attempt to have Ralph unseated fails, Jack decides to leave the group and have a fort of his own. Cunningly he tries to win people over from Ralphs camp by accusing him of being a coward and a bad hunter. Jack also offers the hungry boys meat if they leave Ralph and join his group instead. Not surprisingly most boys rather eat pork and play than pick berries and do tiresome chores under Ralphs command. As a result of Jacks behavior, one notices how Ralphs leadership style gradually changes into a laissez-faire leader. At one point he wonders what is going on: Things are breaking up. I dont understand why. We began well; we were happy (Golding, 87). Later he talks to the assembled boys and asks: Which is better, law and rescue, or hunting and breaking things up?(Golding, 200). According to Ralph the first alternative is the only possible one, but the others do not seem to agree with him. Jack is a charismatic leader who paints his face with clay before he goes hunting for pigs. The hunters join Jack because they feel as if the mask on Jacks face commands them to do so. Most boys just do what the leader says, or what the majority does, without thinking in terms of right and wrong or friendship, since they are afraid to be on their own, or even worse, a target of the other boys aggressions. Compared to the democratic leader Ralph, Jack is an authoritarian leader who yells at his peers to make his point, threatens them into obedience, makes them commit crimes as well as actually hurting them physically. An example of Jacks tactics when he finally is in power is the situation where he orders his subordinates to tie up the twins Sam and Eric, and then turns to Ralph, saying: See? They do what I want (Golding, 199). As a consequence of Jacks increasing number of followers, Ralph finds himself being the leader of only a few boys. One person, though, who never abandons him is Piggy, the representative of common sense. He desperately tries to adjust the situation on the island to conditions more like those at home and he asks: What are we? Humans? Or animals? Or savages? Whats grown-ups going to think? Going off hunting pigs letting fires out - (Golding, 98). Compared to Jack, who leads a primary group, the choir, Ralph, with the exception of Piggy, does not have a group of close and loyal allies. A typical example of how Ralph is betrayed by some of his followers is the actions of twins Sam and Eric. They try to avoid conflicts, and therefore never openly take a stand for Ralph. The end of Ralphs leadership is a fact when Jack and his band of hunters have killed Simon and Piggy, the two most devoted boys. There are no more boys to lead, and without followers Ralph can no longer be a leader. In conclusion, both leaders have different characteristics and priorities, which make them lead the group in different ways. Ralph is considered to be the elected leader and Jack the self-appointed leader. These leaders have different skills and different views on how to create society, which leads them into many conflicts. This just goes to show that humans cannot be trusted with power, as power corrupts. The moment Jack becomes the leader of his own group he turns into a savage and does things without thinking. The same can be said about governments in the world today, who start wars with the purpose of fulfilling their own needs, and they do not mind harming others to achieve their goals and objectives. Maybe humans really are savages that cannot live in peace and coexist on this earth with all the animals and the environment. It might be quite possible that Goldings view of humans as being the worst creatures on earth, is not very hard to comprehend, as you can relate to the conf licts created by leadership that are seen throughout the world.

Charles Dickens Essay -- essays papers

Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens is the greatest English writer that ever lived. He was one of the most popular writers in the history of literature. Surely no English author is so well known and so widely read, translated and remembered as Charles Dickens. He fame is well deserved. From the pen of this great author came such characters as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bob Cratchit and Tiny Tim, Mr. Pickwick, and Little Nett. Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth and spent most of his childhood in London and Kent, both of which appear frequently in his novels. Charles Dickens was the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens worked as a clerk at the Navy pay office in Portsmouth. Charles, the second of seven children, went to the local school. John Dickens found it difficult to provide for his growing family on his small pay. In 1822 the family moved to Camden Town in London. John Dickens' debts had become so severe that all the household goods were sold. Still unable to satisfy his creditors, John Dickens was arrested and sent to Marshalsea Prison. At age 12, Charles found work at Warren's Blacking Factory, where he was paid six shillings a week wrapping shoeblack bottles. The brief time that he worked at the Blacking Factory haunted him all of his life. He spoke of it only to his wife and to his closest friend, John Forster. The rough time he had there would show up in his stories Da vid Copperfield and in Great Expectations. Six months after being sent to Marshalsea, one of John Dickens's relatives died. He was left enough money in the will to pay off his debts and to leave prison. Some of the inheritance was used to educate Charles at a nearby private school, Wellington House Acade... ... the problem he gained copyright for the books sold in America. The only thing that I didn’t understand about this book was how the author said that Charles was a self-centered man but he argued to try to abolish slavery and gave some of his earning from book writing to charities. That doesn’t sound self-centered to me. Everything else about it was outstanding and I learned a lot. Charles Dickens went through a lot of rough times in his life and ended up on top. He came from being a normal middle class citizen to being one of the most popular people in the world. His books have been read, translated and made into motion pictures. They have been read and watched by people for years and will still be in years to come. Charles Dickens’s personal life grew increasingly unhappy and drove him to an early death. But His work remains, funny, sad, warm, and stunning.

Kudler fine foods database

A description and justification for tables (permanent and temporary) used in the design of the SQL business application. Data contained in each table along with the characteristics and format and the manner in which the data supports the SQL business application.Customer: Customer table is used to track demographic information about customers. In this tables various attributes will be related to customer information that are address, name, email, phone, birth dates, etc. This table is an important table and will be associated (relationship) with order table.Inventory: this is the table that will contain the inventory information of Kudler Fine Foods Database. In this table various attributes (fields or column) will be Item ID, inventory ID, perishable indicator, perishable date, department ID, category, description, unit of measure, quantity on hand, unit of cost, master pack quantity, supplier ID, assembly item, substitute item and tag along items. This table has relationship with I tem, Department and Supplier table.Item: This table will contain information about each item made and delivered by Kudler Fine Foods. It will contain information about item, item type, price, labor cost, etc. This table will be associated with Order Line and Tax table. In this table taxable field will contain data types as bit i.e. Yes/No.Order: Order table will store information about an order. In this table various attributes will be customer ID, sales person ID, pick up time, etc. This table will be associated with the Store and Customer, Sales Person and tender table.  Order Line: This table will contain the information about order line and units purchased of items. In this table various field will be store code, item ID, price and unit purchased by the customer. This table will be associated with the Item and Store table.Store: Store table will contain demographic information, hours of operation, lease for the building and the contact person information in it. This table will be associated with Order, Order Line and State table.  Supplier: The supplier table tracks information on who supplies Kudler with its products and it tracks their location and contact information.Tax: The Tax table ensures that the applicable tax being placed on each item.  Tender: The tender table records the method of payments used on each order. This table will be associated with Order table.  Department: The Department table contains information on the different departments and will be associated with Inventory table.State: the State table has the state abbreviation as well as its description.  Sales Person: Sales Person table tracks the different employees. It will have information about sales person employed by Kudler Fine Foods.The above mentioned twelve tables will use data types depending upon the information they have to store. For ID purpose the above tables can use data type as Number. For storing date information  Ã‚   in the table the data type for fields w ill be Date. For storing price values the data type will be Currency or Money. And for name address, description the data type used will be Text or long text (Varchar). In case of any decision is based as Yes or No than data type Bit (Yes/No or 1 and 0) can be used.The entire above mentioned table will be associated in the Kudler Fine Foods Database with each other. The various types of information regarding order, customer, inventory, sales person, etc will be taken from the above tables by creating views or running query and report can be generated.ReferenceGavin, Powell (2006). Beginning Database Design. Wiley Publishing, Inc., United State of America.

Reasons for Women’s Vanity Essay Example

Reasons for Women’s Vanity Essay Example Reasons for Women’s Vanity Essay Reasons for Women’s Vanity Essay This seems to be the trend nowadays because of the role of women in the professional field which is continuously changing. Efforts to dismantle former barriers to opportunities and old misconceptions based on gender stereotypes give way to more objective and unbiased view of professional women. Yet the adage that women have to work twice as hard and perform twice as better than men in order to be accorded the same recognition and respect still holds true in several occasions.Just recently, academes and professionals alike observed the considerably low number of women relative to men in the areas of sciences and engineering. Studies regarding this disparity have been conducted, theories have been proposed. And in the end, everything is traced back to the old issues that have been plaguing aspiring and ambitious women. These issues emphasize women’s gender as a debilitating attribute not because women are inherently inferior but because the once male-dominated structural systems of education and workplace viewed them as such.Nevertheless, along with the realization of the remaining subtle inequality towards women comes the effort to finally close the gap and hence tap the promising talent and skills that women have to offer in the field of science and engineering. Women Power During Tough Times After World War II, particularly during the 60s and 70s, the women’s movement was revitalized. The National Organization for Women was formed in 1966. This organization fought not just for the equality of men and women in the fields of employment, education and others, but also a national change in gender thinking and gender roles.They lobbied and were successful in enacting laws that prohibited discrimination of any form to women in any field, especially that of education, employment and credit access. This movement coincided with the Afro-American race revolution that advocates the equality among men and women, with no discrimination between races or ethnic origins (Women’s Movement 386; Women’s Rights Movement 109; Feminism and Women’s Studies The Women’s Movement). In addition, the sexual revolution of the 60s fought for women’s reproductive rights.The Pill became available during this time. The Pill, though, wasn’t originally sold to single women, but was only sold to married women. There were issues of safe, accessible, and affordable contraception and women also voiced out these concerns (Dellolio ch 10; Feminism and Women’s Studies The Women’s Movement). In his administration, President Roosevelt created multiple programs to give relief, create jobs, and stimulate economic recovery for the U. S and labeled these programs alphabet soup as well as the New Deal (Gupta and Lee 1996 New Deal Programs).Roosevelt’s New Deal also refers to the first biggest government investment in cultural development (Adams and Goldbard 1986 New Deal Cultural Programs). He introduced this program in the 1930s in the hope of restoring cultural advancement in the country, and at the same time to ease unemployment during the Great Depression. One New Deal Program was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) that funded environmental conservation work programs for 8,500 women. Many of his programs antagonized laissez faire groups, who believed that the market should freely operate on its own so that they will fully progress, without government intrusions.

The eNotes Blog I Celebrate Myself, and Sing Myself 200 Years of WaltWhitman

I Celebrate Myself, and Sing Myself 200 Years of WaltWhitman American poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892) was born two-hundred years ago today. Alongside Emily Dickinson, Whitman is probably the most influential poet in American history. As Dickinson discovered new possibilities in concision, density, and depth of linguistic meaning, Whitman explored expansive new vistas in structure and subject matter. He composed long lines to devour every topic under the sun- and then some. His poetic project took the appropriate form of a single ever-expanding book, Leaves of Grass, which he first published in 1855 and then altered and augmented until his death nearly four decades later. Whitman is difficult to classify as a poet because he constantly resisted definitions and boundaries. Was he a poet of the personal lyric? Sometimes. A political poet? At other times, yes. A war poet? Undoubtedly. A poet of metaphysics? When the urge struck him. A sensual poet? Often. An early passage from Leaves of Grass, drawn from the annunciatory poem â€Å"Starting from Paumanok,† illustrates Whitman’s tendency to gather every sphere of human interest: Victory, union, faith, identity, time, The indissoluble compacts, riches, mystery, Eternal progress, the kosmos, and the modern reports. This then is life, Here is what has come to the surface after so many throes and convulsions. This stanza illustrates Whitman’s signature approach to both substance and style. Rather than training his lens on a single detail or image, as Dickinson would, Whitman draws a circle around, well, everything. In his world, the grand and timeless rubs shoulders with the local and immediate: â€Å"the kosmos, and the modern reports,† as he puts it. His fluid but controlled verse style expresses the character of his thoughts. Three lines of pentameter list off the subjects of life, followed by the terse, breathless dimeter of â€Å"This then is life† and finally concluded by the elongated octameter of the last line. The range of his mind resounds in the rhythmic range of his lines. Whitman’s contribution is key to understanding the last century of poetry, both in the United States and abroad. He unbuttoned the strictures of formal poetry, allowing his language to unfurl in flowing free verse. Ever since, countless poets have walked in his path, opting for free verse and the versatility it affords. Whitman also gave the United States its national epic in Leaves of Grass, whose ethos of expansiveness and inclusivity and democracy reflects the best values of the young nation. Consider this passage from the poem â€Å"Our Old Feuillage,† a dizzying geographic tour through the United States: O lands! all so dear to me- what you are, (whatever it is,) I putting it at random in these songs, become a part of that, whatever it is, Southward there, I screaming, with wings slow flapping, with the myriads of gulls wintering along the coasts of Florida, Otherways there atwixt the banks of the Arkansaw, the Rio Grande, the Nueces, the Brazos, the Tombigbee, the Red River, the Saskatchawan or the Osage, I with the spring waters laughing and skipping and running, Northward, on the sands, on some shallow bay of Paumanok, I with parties of snowy herons wading in the wet to seek worms and aquatic plants†¦ Whitman’s charm here lies in his combination of the vast and grand (â€Å"O lands!†) with the minute and matter-of-fact (â€Å"snowy herons wading in the wet†). This passage also shows the full breath of Whitman’s lines, which can reach the scale of paragraphs. Finally, these lines reveal that Whitman is fundamentally a poet of praise. His work gravitates towards all that is beautiful and awe-inspiring about the experience of life. His great power is to find the words, phrases, and lines which evoke beauty and awe in us. On that note, we’ll end with one of Whitman’s masterpieces, â€Å"When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer†: When I heard the learn’d astronomer, When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me, When I was shown the charts and diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them, When I sitting heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room, How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, Till rising and gliding out I wander’d off by myself, In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time, Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars.

The impacts of the recent recession on consumer behaviour with airline Dissertation

The impacts of the recent recession on consumer behaviour with airline industry - Dissertation Example In marketing management customers are the key concern. This means that understanding the behaviour pattern of the customers is essential for the managers. Traditional marketing management emphasized on product features and competitive positioning of the product (Abramovich, 2005). The conventional marketing management theory focuses on the customer relationship with the marketers of the company and the product value (Statt, 2011). The purchasing behaviour of the consumers relates strongly to the segmentation of the markets. There are three types of segmentation; geographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and demographic segmentation. Geographic segmentation means to divide the market area according to the location of the potential customers. Psychographic segmentation means to segregate a consumer’s characteristics and behaviour. Demographic segmentation means the division of consumer groups according to variables such as wealth, gender, age and education level etc (B lythe, 2008). The managers of the company can strengthen their relationship with the consumers. The relational bonding between customers and employees will enable the managers to develop a product which will fulfil the consumer wants and needs. An established connection with the consumer provides the marketers information regarding the consumer behaviour. For example, the marketers would like to repurpose their products and services without hampering the core value of the product. This means that the marketers would meet the consumers’ needs without impacting the brand itself (Bjerre, Knudtzen and Heding, 2008). From basic necessities to luxury items, consumer purchasing behaviour is dependent on psychological influences of the customer which includes brand loyalty, changing attitude of the consumers etc (Vanhuele, Wright and East, 2013). Factors Affecting Consumer Behaviour during Recession 1) Economic Factors i) Personal income: If the personal income of the consumer is hig h and is not affected by the impact of the recession then the demand of the products will remain high. However, if the income of the consumer is affected by recession then the consumer will not buy the product or depend on its substitute whose price is lower. ii) Family income: The income of the family plays a significant role in the purchase decision making. A rise in the income of the family member will motivate another family member to increase his/her spending however, if there is fall in the income of the family member during recession then the spending of the family will decrease. During recession the family members spend on necessary items. iii) Government policy: During recession the government policy may change and have a significant impact of the economy. An increase in the price of the food items and non food items will make the consumer calculative. When there is a rise in price of the food items then consumers do not decrease their expenditure as food is a necessary ite m but they decrease their expenditure on other non food items (M.Trehan and R. Trehan, 2007). 2) Socio- cultural Factors i) Family: There is a significant impact of the family size and the structure on the consumer decision making. If the family size is large and there is an increase in the prices of the consumable items during recession, then the

Economic Commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Commentary - Essay Example They are both asking China to implement what it had already agreed to which is the imposition of a lower ten percent tariff. In fact, the United States threatened in 1995(Baumol, 1998) (was ist baumol) to impose a one hundred percent tariff (100%!) on Japanese cars entering the United States if Japan will not remove its protectionist policy on car importations. Unless Japan would open its doors to United States automobiles, the one hundred percent tariff would push through. Korea and Japan have been charged by domestic competing companies in the United States of DUMPING their goods at very low prices( Baumol, 1998). The United States companies are protected by putting up maximum goods called quotas that each country is allowed to export to the United States. The United States and the European Union member states are trying to impose that all countries adopt a free trade policy where each country is allowed to import and export goods to and from other countries. The local industries fight back importation of lower priced goods by asking government to increase the tariff on such imported goods. The government, then, is torn between implementing the low tariff rules of a free trade industry and to PROTECT its domestic industries from the flooding of imported low priced and high quality imported goods. Advocates in the United States contend that the United States cannot live in a free trade market if the countries it deals with is imposing a protectionist policy. In this scenario, the protectionists will eventually win over the free trade states. The protectionist states want to export their goods to the free trade countries but does not want to import the goods from the free trade country at lower tariff rates. Table (das hier sieht gut aus) 1 below shows the cost of protectionism to consumers in the United States Market as : Industry Cost per United Sates job saved Apparel $139,000 Costumer Jewelry 97,000 Shipping 415,000 Sugar 600,000 Textiles 202,000 Women's footwear 102,000 Source: Gary C Hufbauer and Kimberley Ann Elliott, Measuring the Costs of Protectionism in the United States ( Washington D.C., Institute for International Economics, January, 1994) Table 1.3 pp. 12 - 13 Advantages of Protectionist policy Domestic industries are protected from competition against foreign companies which in this case produce better quality spare parts as compared to locally made Chinese made spare parts. In fact, the European union has put up tariffs on Chinese clothing and shoes saying that the Chinese government is putting up the money to give

Pets Rights in Hawaii Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pets Rights in Hawaii - Annotated Bibliography Example The purpose of the research is to find out the level of the abuse of pets in Hawaii. This information will help in determining the best way towards protecting the rights of animals in the state. Many cases of the violation of pets' rights in Hawaii have been reported, and this research will come up with recommendations on how best to address issues of violation of pets' rights. There have been different discussions about the rights of pets in the US, but this research will offer solutions on how to reduce the cases of violation of the rights of pets. The research will rely on journal articles, news articles, documentary films and interviews to gather information about the rights of pets in Hawaii and other places. Many people have written scholarly articles that discuss the cruelty that animals have been exposed to and how their rights are being addressed in modern days. News articles and documentaries will offer current information concerning cases of mistreatment of animals and how animal activists have pushed for laws to protect animals. The researcher will interview 3 animals' activists in Hawaii and 2 others in other US states to give their views about animals' rights in the US.  The issue of the rights of animals has caught the attention of many people and authorities around the world. The research will try to find out some of these laws and groups that agitate for the rights of pets and the level of abuse of pets' rights in Hawaii and other states in the US.  

Analysis of the Credit Card Industry in Turkey Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the Credit Card Industry in Turkey Essay The current Turkish government is very pro western and secular, however its divided religious loyalties, issues surrounding Greek sovereignty rights and fundamentalist groups threaten the expected 5 year stability of this administration. Government involvement in banking The Turkish Government has a history of involvement in banking affairs which is of concern to international investors. The Turkish state owns and finances a number of its banks and provides artificial stability to the banking system through state funded initiatives. The Government has also tailored wages in line with inflation rates e. g. minimum wages rates. With recent IMF intervention the long term plan for Turkey is still not absolutely clear. EU Membership The Turkish Government is pro EU membership and this is potentially the biggest paradigm shift on the horizon for Turkey’s financial system, this factor is further dealt with as a key driver. Economic †¢ Interest Rates Low interest rates in Turkey fuel loan take-up and have caused increase in credit card issue. Historically higher interest rates led to more widespread loan default and meant that less switching occurred as consumers were â€Å"tied† to provider. Economic growth in Turkey, with higher levels of middle and upper income, urban dwelling professionals and better access to continuing education has undoubtedly increased credit card take-up. (This could also be construed as a social factor). †¢ Global financial crisis The effects of the global financial crisis will have a major effect on banking restrictions to lending and credit availability in Turkey. Turkey’s export markets will be likely affected by the ongoing crisis which has a major effect on GDP which in turn affects spending power. Social †¢ Higher standard of living Higher standards of living among consumers have a beneficial knock on effect for credit cards issuers. In Turkey 7. 5% of GDP is invested back into education thus consumers are more financial savvy. †¢ Urban/Rural Divide Urban dwellers have a much higher likelihood of credit card use given their potential for access of issue and probability of a regular wage earning role. As the economy develops Turks are increasingly moving off the land from poorly paying seasonal work to the cities that offer a better chance of regular income and personal development. Technology †¢ E –Commerce Worth in excess of 2 billion euro to the economy and with 16 million people accessing the internet E-Commerce is a huge growth area and potential distribution channel for the credit card industry. It is also a medium for information driven purchasing through advertising potential and its access is furthered through telephone technology integration. †¢ SMART Cards The security afforded to the credit card industry through use of SMART cards has a beneficial affect on usage through; 1. Increased level of merchants accepting the facility 2. Security for use in Internet Cafes (here large numbers access the internet) 3. Security of service has become a battleground for competition among issuers Coupled with the above technologies, the explosion in EPOS facilities mean more access to products and services through credit card use, homogenising the myriad of potential transactions and benefiting both consumer and merchant. ATM’s also have further facilities to enhance the benefits of using plastic such as bill pay, mobile kiosks etc. Legal †¢ Intervention of Government/Key official Institutions There have been widespread changes in the law in Turkey affecting the credit card industry such as; 1. Restriction on credit card limits . Illegality of altering terms without informing consumer 3. Increases in minimum payment required 4. The Central Bank’s lowering of the interest rate cap 5. Loosening of the frameworks around mergers and acquisitions All of these interventions alter the attractiveness of the market for the credit card industry, which was historically fraught with lack of reg ulation and anti-consumer practises. Identify the 4 KEY DRIVERS FACING THE CREDIT CARD SECTOR 1. Technological Advances 2. State Intervention in Financial Affairs 3. EU membership 4. Rural-Urban Migration Technological Advances The rapidly advancing technology in the field of mobile payment will have a lasting effect on the credit card industry. Companies that can stay ahead of the game with new technologies in security, risk management and will be best placed to benefit from increased A physical â€Å"credit card† is really only a vehicle to hold a magnetic strip containing coded information. In terms of technology this is already quite dated; †¢ Already systems are designed to â€Å"swipe† a card on a merchant’s mobile phone, this will allow for a myriad of services which will no longer require cash transaction e. g. street traders. Advances in retina scanning technology are also at an advanced level and it is envisaged that the future of mobile payments may be through facial recognition or retina scanning. †¢ Other technology such as what is used in â€Å"The Baja Beach Club in Barcelona† where they inject a rice-size â€Å"VeriChip† RFID device into the wrist or upper arm of its patrons whom pay by swiping their arm – adapted from http://www. creditcards. com/credit-card-news/credit-cards-of-the-distant-future State Intervention The level of further state intervention in Turkey’s financial affairs will be a key driver in Turkey’s future credit card success or decline. As we have seen, moves by the government to regulate the industry have impacted on the potential earnings of the banks through lowering interest rates. In turn this type of regulation has stabilised the markets and led to economic growth which impacts positively on numbers of consumers available to the sector. Whether the current â€Å"Republican Democracy† in Turkey will be in power going forward is obviously of importance to this argument. With elections due in 2011 the future of state intervention in banking affairs is unclear. EU Membership Turkey becoming a full member of the EU will be another key driver in the credit card industry. EU entry will mean the freeing of trade and access to a further 500 million consumers. It is most likely that Turkey would be a more attractive market for global companies, of interest here, financial organisations who would be attracted by the large numbers of â€Å"unbanked† consumers and those who see Turkey strategically as the gateway to Eastern markets. The credit card market would likely become much more competitive with new entrants who would most likely look to merge with/acquire existing indigenous banks. Rural-Urban Migration According to the case study the majority of people in the rural areas of Turkey tend not to be credit card users. As the economy improves larger numbers of rural people (especially male) will likely move towards the larger urban centres to participate in the industrial or service sectors. This in turn leads to greater numbers with the potential to use credit cards, in turn offering greater numbers of potential consumers to the sector. SECTION 2 – Porters 5 Forces 2. Use the five forces framework to identify the forces affecting the Turkish credit card sector a. Graphically illustrate the five forces (see overleaf) b. Draw conclusions from the 5 forces analysis to explain; 1. How attractive the sector is I consider the Turkish credit card sector to be an attractive market for a large multinational e. g. BNP or Barclays to enter. From my analysis I have concluded that consumers are fragmented and suppliers are concentrated. Rivalry is high, yet only among 4 suppliers, considering rivalry in an industry such as haulage this must be considered attractive. Capital requirements of entry are high, but not on the scale of industries such as mining might be. Economies of scale and experience exist, however for companies already in credit card markets in other countries by no means insurmountable. The threat of substitutes is relatively low as the credit card holds a relatively niche position. Product differentiation/loyalty is low among existing consumers; good offers would attract new business, as would strong internet presence. Turkey has; â€Å"40 percent of people who are bankable based on their socio-economic status and age in Turkey are still â€Å"unbanked,† having no accounts with any banks in Turkey â€Å" (www. mckinsey. om/clientservice/ /Credit_Cards_in_Turkey. ashx) This data identifies a large section of the Turkish population who are potential consumers for a new entrant; therefore the market could potentially grow significantly for all players involved. 2. How the competitive forces are changing/may change The competitive forces are currently changing most notably in areas such as consumer access to information. More widespread access and use of the internet will drive further competition in the market through portals such as comparison websites, industry reviews etc. This will ultimately increase bargaining power of consumers, leading to decreased profits for suppliers. EU accession would alter the competitive forces among the major players currently in the sector. Interest rates set by the ECB, participation in the single currency etc. would have a significant impact on the state financed banking institutions and would alter their relevance. One would suspect that in a free market system the Turkish government would relish the opportunity of divesting the burden to international organisations to increase competition. With increased market stability and better financial education, consumer’s use of substitutes may extend to less expensive forms of credit such as personal loans. Coupled with better economic conditions consumer’s use of debit cards may also increase; given that currently lower income workers struggle to maintain a balance sufficient to cover their living costs. 3. How the sector may change to reflect changing forces The credit card sector can move more of its marketing budget toward E-Marketing and target new and younger consumers through this medium. MBNA have used this marketing channel very successfully in the past. In order to combat increased uptake of personal loans and increased use of debit cards the credit card sector may look at collective lower interest rates, better offers through loyalty bonuses and customer kickbacks and better education of its customers as to how to better use their credit cards. In order for the credit card sector to prepare for increased competition post EU accession it may look to further differentiate its offerings to appeal to the Turkish people e. g. align the credit offering with cultural values or emotions. It might be necessary to offer further services aligned to credit cards such as life insurance to augment and differentiate the offering. 3. Scenario Planning Scenario 1 â€Å"Renewed Political/Terrorist Violence in Turkey† In recent years, terrorist bombings some with significant numbers of casualties -have struck religious, political, and business targets in a variety of locations in Turkey. The potential remains throughout Turkey for violence and terrorist actions both by transnational and indigenous terrorist organizations such as PKK, . Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C) and AlQa’ida. Adapted from http://www. eubusiness. com/europe/turkey/invest) Given Turkey’s increasing dependence on foreign direct investment a return to more concerted campaign of political violence would spell disaster for the credit card industry. Large financial corporations, especially US owned would be deterred from entering the market, or potentially pull out of t he market thus decimating competition. Access to sources of international credit and lending would dry up therefore affecting consumer’s ability to purchase products and services on credit. Turkey’s export market would potentially be destroyed as Western nations would deter from transacting in case monies were being skimmed to fund further terrorist activity. This would further lower the GDP of the country affecting the spending power of consumers in turn negating the need for credit cards. Further knock on effects of violence include the loss of capital Governments have available to invest in its economy, on education and infrastructure. Government capital would have to be spent on further military and security projects. The tourism industry, a huge earner for Turkey would be decimated as travelers would fear the threat of violence. The black market economy would thrive under such conditions and regular banking functions would significantly cease with many consumers using cash/barter systems of attaining needs. With respect to the Credit card sector, this scenario would be highly detrimental to its future, as consumer confidence in the financial service sector would be decimated. The sector would have to pour vast resources into transaction security and marketing the brand safety and correct usage policies to consumers. Default numbers would likely increase due to instability and escalating interest rates. Scenario 2 â€Å"Turkey Gains Full EU Membership† â€Å"The EU is committed to supporting Turkey in its path for membership. The initial objective of EU financial support towards Turkey was the extension of an area of peace, stability and prosperity within and beyond Europe. Once the Union accepted Turkey as a candidate, financial assistance began to focus on supporting Turkey in its preparation for EU membership† http://www. eubusiness. com/europe/turkey/funding A study on the EU (http://europa. eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. o) reported the following economic benefits of a country joining the EU; 1. An average of 2. 15% increase in GDP 2. Exchange rates for Turks travelling through Europe would be eliminated, as would the potential damaging effects exchange rate swings have on Turkish exports. I would assume that the credit card sector would become significantly more competitive in the light of EU membership therefore the sector would have to increase its marketing and branding spend, but would have a larger pool of consumers to choose from.